Appendix for "Older, Younger, or More Similar? The Use of Age as a Voting Heuristic."

Age as a heuristic among independents, 2010

	(1)	(2)	(3)
	Vote Young	Vote Young	Vote Young
Age distance	-0.007*	0.005	-0.013***
	(0.003)	(0.004)	(0.004)
Non-white	-0.075	0.155	-0.038
	(0.079)	(0.086)	(0.089)
Female	-0.191**	-0.007	-0.097
	(0.070)	(0.080)	(0.080)
Incumbent	0.061	-0.091	-0.278**
	(0.106)	(0.082)	(0.094)
Interest	-0.539***	-0.404***	-0.488** *
	(0.050)	(0.052)	(0.056)
Income	0.027**	0.042***	0.040** *
	(0.009)	(0.010)	(0.010)
Vote in 2008	0.819***	0.681***	0.821** *
	(0.064)	(0.063)	(0.071)
Constant	-2.943***	-3.154***	-3.031** *
	(0.304)	(0.298)	(0.324)
N	4696	3739	3674
AIC	5077.479	4026.032	3942.196
Standard errors in parentheses * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

Age as a heuristic among highly educated Democrats, 2010.

	(1)	(2)	(3)
	Vote Dem. (House)	Vote Dem. (Gov.)	Vote Dem. (Sen.)
Age distance	-0.014***	-0.022***	-0.018***
	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.002)
Shared gender	0.002	0.058	-0.062
	(0.039)	(0.056)	(0.062)
Shared race	0.425***	-0.125*	0.633***
	(0.052)	(0.054)	(0.087)
Dem. incumbent	0.449***	0.018	0.929***
	(0.044)	(0.078)	(0.068)
Interest	-0.538***	-0.578***	-0.474** *
	(0.025)	(0.029)	(0.027)
Income	0.043***	0.047***	0.032** *
	(0.005)	(0.007)	(0.006)
Vote in 2008	0.859***	0.854***	0.829** *
	(0.029)	(0.031)	(0.033)
Constant	-1.916***	-1.132***	-2.013** *
	(0.150)	(0.163)	(0.199)
N	15324	13587	12841
AIC	14215.888	12493.954	12334.386
Standard errors in parentheses * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

Age as a heuristic among highly educated Republicans, 2010.

	(1)	(2)	(3)
	Vote GOP (House)	Vote GOP (Gov.)	Vote GOP (Sen.)
Age distance	-0.015***	-0.025***	-0.022***
	(0.003)	(0.003)	(0.003)
Shared gender	0.166***	0.020	0.228***
	(0.038)	(0.056)	(0.060)
Shared race	0.670***	-0.161*	0.322***
	(0.051)	(0.079)	(0.077)
GOP incumbent	0.140*	0.009	-0.138
	(0.062)	(0.081)	(0.097)
Interest	-0.807***	-0.726***	-0.893** *
	(0.041)	(0.047)	(0.046)
Income	0.045***	0.048***	0.074** *
	(0.007)	(0.008)	(0.010)
Vote in 2008	0.867***	0.779***	0.910** *
	(0.038)	(0.038)	(0.044)
Constant	-1.340***	-0.815***	-1.033** *
	(0.180)	(0.168)	(0.218)
N	15138	12606	11695
AIC	10744.458	10484.159	7308.392
Standard errors in parentheses * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

Age as a heuristic among Democrats, 2010. Reduced-form models.

	(1)	(2)	(3)
	Vote Dem. (House)	Vote Dem. (Gov.)	Vote Dem. (Sen.)
Age distance	-0.025***	-0.036***	-0.028***
	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.002)
Shared gender	0.233***	0.312***	0.132***
	(0.047)	(0.043)	(0.050)
Shared race	0.682***	0.194***	0.701***
	(0.040)	(0.043)	(0.077)
Dem. incumbent	0.350	0.079	0.815***
	(0.042)	(0.072)	(0.059)
Constant	0.578***	1.216***	0.486** *
	(0.054)	(0.060)	(0.095)
N	18586	19154	15064
Standard errors in parentheses * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

Age as a heuristic among Republicans, 2010. Reduced-form models.

	(1)	(2)	(3)
	Vote GOP (House)	Vote GOP (Gov.)	Vote GOP (Sen.)
Age distance	-0.017***	-0.040***	-0.032***
	(0.004)	(0.003)	(0.004)
Shared gender	0.526***	0.322***	0.570***
	(0.039)	(0.053)	(0.053)
Shared race	0.925***	0.242***	0.253***
	(0.048)	(0.096)	(0.063)
GOP incumbent	0.750	-0.037	-0.115***
	(0.057)	(0.079)	(0.073)
Constant	0.853***	1.537***	1.722** *
	(0.076)	(0.082)	(0.080)
N	19154	15832	14799
Standard errors in parentheses * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

Age as a heuristic among Democrats, 2012. Reduced-form models.

	(1)	(2)	(3)
	Vote Dem. (House)	Vote Dem. (Gov.)	Vote Dem. (Sen.)
Age distance	-0.014***	-0.029***	-0.029***
	(0.002)	(0.003)	(0.003)
Shared gender	0.018	0.207	0.175***
	(0.041)	(0.160)	(0.046)
Shared race	0.649***	0.108	0.026
	(0.067)	(0.158)	(0.113)
Dem. incumbent	0.399***	0.062	0.348
	(0.071)	(0.363)	(0.180)
Constant	1.139***	1.779***	1.810** *
	(0.080)	(0.186)	(0.147)
N	16725	2654	14580
Standard errors in parentheses * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

Age as a heuristic among Republican, 2012. Reduced-form models.

	(1)	(2)	(3)
	Vote GOP (House)	Vote GOP (Gov.)	Vote GOP (Sen.)
Age distance	-0.006*	-0.021***	-0.007
	(0.003)	(0.005)	(0.008)
Shared gender	0.231***	0.316*	0.246***
	(0.050)	(0.161)	(0.074)
Shared race	0.776***	0.325	0.350
	(0.047)	(0.246)	(0.195)
GOP incumbent	0.351***	-0.124	-0.053
	(0.059)	(0.238)	(0.302)
Constant	1.306***	1.491***	1.589** *
	(0.076)	(0.277)	(0.145)
N	15403	2499	12122
Standard errors in parentheses * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

Age as a heuristic among strong Democrats, 2010.

	(1)	(2)	(3)
	Vote Dem. (House)	Vote Dem. (Gov.)	Vote Dem. (Sen.)
Age distance	-0.027***	-0.033***	-0.027***
	(0.002)	(0.003)	(0.002)
Shared gender	0.169***	0.256***	0.096
	(0.064)	(0.052)	(0.063)
Shared race	0.706***	0.456***	0.933***
	(0.064)	(0.056)	(0.109)
Dem. incumbent	0.374***	0.070	0.854***
	(0.076)	(0.075)	(0.114)
Constant	1.139***	1.587***	0.877** *
	(0.076)	(0.075)	(0.114)
N	10238	8942	8630
Standard errors in parentheses * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

Age as a heuristic among strong Republicans, 2010.

	(1)	(2)	(3)
	Vote GOP (House)	Vote GOP (Gov.)	Vote GOP (Sen.)
Age distance	-0.019***	-0.041***	-0.032***
	(0.003)	(0.004)	(0.006)
Shared gender	0.478***	0.351***	0.653***
	(0.064)	(0.088)	(0.095)
Shared race	0.939***	0.169	0.256*
	(0.098)	(0.148)	(0.121)
GOP incumbent	-0.048	0.086	-0.343*
	(0.072)	(0.119)	(0.3145)
Constant	1.496***	2.129***	2.378** *
	(0.103)	(0.153)	(0.151)
N	8832	7342	6903
Standard errors in parentheses * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

Age as a heuristic among strong Democrats, 2012.

	(1)	(2)	(3)
	Vote Dem. (House)	Vote Dem. (Gov.)	Vote Dem. (Sen.)
Age distance	-0.017***	-0.028***	-0.032***
	(0.003)	(0.004)	(0.003)
Shared gender	0.073	0.430*	0.160*
	(0.078)	(0.195)	(0.079)
Shared race	0.710***	0.507*	0.268*
	(0.089)	(0.211)	(0.114)
Constant	1.863***	1.972***	2.573** *
	(0.105)	(0.229)	(0.156)
N	9058	1405	7877
Standard errors in parentheses * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

Age as a heuristic among strong Republicans, 2012.

	(1)	(2)	(3)
	Vote GOP (House)	Vote GOP (Gov.)	Vote GOP (Sen.)
Age distance	0.007	-0.008	0.000
	(0.004)	(0.015)	(0.009)
Shared gender	0.065	0.120	0.198
	(0.078)	(0.207)	(0.126)
Shared race	0.813***	0.109	-0.200
	(0.093)	(0.563)	(0.817)
GOP incumbent	0.267***	-0.309	0.359** *
	(0.090)	(0.418)	(0.933)
Constant	1.617***	2.308***	2.241** *
	(0.119)	(0.708)	(0.185)
N	7350	1137	5720
Standard errors in parentheses * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001